Solaris Volume Manager

State Database Replicas are the meta database which will hold all the volume information. The default state database replica size in SVM is 8192 blocks while in Solstice DiskSuite is 1034 blocks. You should create state database replicas on dedicated slice of at least 4 mega bytes per replica copy.

A minimum of 3 copies of replica is required on a system.


Here are few commands to manage state database replicas ...

To create the initial state db replicas:
# metadb -a -f c1t0d0s3

To create additional state database replicas on disks:
# metadb -a c1t1d0s3 c1t2d0s3 c1t3d0s3

To create 2 state database replicas on the same disk:
# metadb -a -c2 c1t3d0s3

To list all the state database replicas :
#metadb

To list the status:
#metadb -i

To delete a state database replica:
#metadb -d c1t0d0s3

Volumes:

To create a stripe volume :
# metainit d0 1 2 c0t1d0s3 c0t2d0s3 -i 32k

To create a concat volume :
# metainit d1 2 1 c0t1d0s3 1 c0t2d0s3

To remove a stripe or concat volume :
# metaclear d0

To create a mirror using 2 concat volumes (d1 and d2) :
# metainit d10 -m d1
# metattach d10 d2

To detach a submirror from a mirror volume :
# metadetach d10 d2

To place a submirror offline :
# metaoffline d10 d2

To place a submirror online :
# metaonline d10 d2

To show the details of a volume :
# metastat d10

To create a RAID5 volume :

# metainit d11 -r c1t2d0s4 c2t2d0s4 c1t2d0s4

Now lets look at how to create and manage filesystem on the volumes

To create filesystem on the volume :

# newfs -i 8192 /dev/md/rdsk/d10

To mount the filesystem :
# mkdir /data
# mount -F ufs /dev/md/dsk/d10 /data

Also add the below line to /etc/vfstab so that the filesystem mounts on every reboot.
/dev/md/dsk/d10       /dev/md/rdsk/d10      /data  ufs     2       yes     -

How to Un-encapsulate a root disk in Solaris ?

1. Boot from the 2nd disk and unencapusolare the 1st root disk.

ok> boot "/pci@9,600000/scsi@1,1/sd@0,0

2. Install boot block,

# cd /usr/platform/`uname i`/lib/fs/ufs
# installboot bootblk /dev/rdsk/c1t0d0s0
# installboot bootblk /dev/rdsk/c1t0d1s0

3. Collect the list of plexes associated with the 1st disk,

# vxprint -dg rootdg

4. Dis-associate the plexes (of 1st disk) frmo rootdg,

# vxplex -g rootdg dis var01
# vxplex -g rootdg dis rootvol01
# vxplex -g rootdg dis swapvol01

5. Run fsck on root and var filesystems on 1st disk,

# fsck /dev/rdsk/c1t0d0s0
# fsck /dev/rdsk/c1t0d0s6

6. Mount the root filesystem of 1st disk and modify the vfstab files,

# mount /dev/dsk/c1t0d0s0 /mnt
# cd /mnt/etc/
# cp -p system system.ddmmyy
# cp -p vfstab vfstab.ddmmyy
# cp -p vfstab.prevm vfstab
# edit vfstab and modify root/swap/var filesystems to contain c1t0 entry
# Comment the below line in /mnt/etc/system file
* rootdev...
* set vxio ...

7. Create the below file so that VXVM daemons won't get started while booting,

# touch /mnt/etc/vx/reconfig.d/state.d/install-db

8. Remove the below file so that the system knows that root disks are not encapsulated.

# rm /mnt/etc/vx/reconfig.d/state.d/root-done

9. Chagne the auto boot value to false.

# eeprom auto-boot?=false

After booting from disk slice (instead of VXVM), if you want to access other disk groups you can follow the below procedure.

1. start the VXIO daemon,
# vxiod set 10

2. Start vxconfigd in disabled mode,
# vxconfigd -d

3. Enable vxconfigd,
# vxdctl enable

4. Start all the volumes of the concerned DG,
# vxvol -g dg startall

5. Mount the corresponding filesystems.

How to extend or shrink Volumes and Filesystems in VXVM / VXFS ?

You can use the below commands to extend / shrink the volume and filesystem.

vxresize - This command will extend or shrink volume and the filesystem.
vxassist - This command can extend or shrink only a volume. You need to use fsadm to extend / shrink a filesystem when you use vxassist.

Few Examples,

1. To grow a volume alone to 1GB :
# vxassist -g testdg growto testvol 1g

2. To extend a filesystem (after extending a volume).
# fsadm -b 1024m /test

3. To grow a volume by 500m,
# vxassist -g testdf growby testvol 500m

4. To shrink a volume to 1GB,
# vxassist -g testdg shrinkto testvol 1g

5. To shrink a volume by 1GB,
# vxassist -g testdg shrinkby testvol 1g

6. To extend a volume and its filesystem by 1GB
# vxresize -g datadg datavol +1g

7. To extend a volume and its filesystem to 2GB
# vxresize -g datadg datavol 2g

ZFS in Solaris 10

Features:

•    256 quadrillion zettabytes
•    RAID 0/1 & RAID Z (RAID 5 with enhancements) (2 required virtual devices)
•    Snapshots – read-only copies of file systems or volumes
•    Creates volumes
•    Uses storage pools to manage storage – aggregates virtual devices
•    File systems attached to pools grow dynamically as storage is added
•    File systems may span multiple physical disks
•    ZFS is transactional
•    Pools & file systems are auto-mounted. No need to maintain /etc/vfstab
•    Supports file system hierarchies: /pool1/{home(5GB),var(10GB),etc.}
•    Supports reservation of storage: /pool1/{home(10GB),var}
•    Provides a secure web-based management tool
•    Requires devices of min size 128mb
•    Web GUI - https://localhost:6789/zfs - served by smcwebserver




### Storage Pool ###

Commands:

1. To list the known pools :
# zpool list

2. To create a pool using a disk :
# zpool create pool1 c0t1d0s2

3. To  add a disk to an existing pool :
# zpool add pool1 /dev/dsk/c1t2d2

4. To list pools and the associated mount points :
# zfs mount 

5. To show the virtual devices that constitues all the pools :
# zpool status

6. To show the virtual devices associated with pool1 :
# zpool status –v pool1

7.To destroy a pool and its associated file systems :
# zpool destroy pool1

8. To change the mount point of a pool :

# zfs set mountpoint=/firstpool pool1



### File System ###

Commands :
 
1. To create ‘home’ file system in pool1 :
# zfs create pool1/home          

2. To set 10G quota to pool1/home :
# zfs set quota=10G pool1/home       

3. To create a file system under pool1/home :
# zfs create pool1/home/unixcbt       

4. To list quota related values for pool1 and its file systems :
# zfs get –r quota pool1           

5.  To list compression property for file systems associated with pool1 :
# zfs get –r compression pool1       

6. To rename a file system :
# zfs rename pool1/home1 pool1/home2



### ZFS Redundany/Replication ###

1.    Mirroring – RAID-1
2.    RAID-Z    - RAID-5

Note: Redundancy/Replication is associated with the pool

Commands :

1. To create a mirror pool :
# zpool create pool1 mirror c0t1d0 c0t2d0    Creates a mirror pool

2. To create a RAID-Z pool :

# zpool create pool2 raidz c0t1d0 c0t2d



### ZFS Snapshots ###

1.    Read only copies of volumes or file systems
2.    Use no additional space, initially

Commands :

1. To list the available snapshots :
# zfs list –t snapshot      

2. To create a snapshot for pool1/home :
# zfs snapshot pool1/home@homesnap1   

3.To destroy a snapshot :
# zfs destroy pool1/home@homesnap1  

4. To rename homesnap2 to homesnap3 :
# zfs rename pool1/home@homesnap2 pool1/home@homesnap3

5.  To rollback a file system using a snapshot :
# zfs rollback –f pool1/home@homesnap3   


### ZFS Clone ###

1.    Writable file systems or volumes
2.    Linked to a snapshot
3.    Clone can be stored anywhere in ZFS hierarchy

Commands :

1. Creates a clone file system using a snapshot :
# zfs clone pool1/home@homesnap3 pool2/home

Zones in Sun Servers

Features:

• Virtualization
• Solaris Zones can hosts only instances of Solaris. Not other OS
• Limit 8192 zones per Solaris host
• Primary (global) zone has access to ALL zones
• Non-global zones, do NOT have access to other non-global zones
• Default non-global zones derive packages from global zone
• Program isolation – zone1 (Apache), zone2 (MySQL)
• Provides ‘z’ commands to manage zones
• At least 100mb required for the creation of non-global zone
• Type:
1. Sparse Root Zones – Share key files (/usr, /lib) with global zone. Default zone type.
2. Whole Root Zones – Require more storage

### Global Zones ###

1. Solaris ALWAYS boots to the global zone
2. Knows about ALL hardware devices attached to the system
3. Knows about ALL non-global zones

### Non-Global Zones ###

1. Installed at a location on the file system of the Global zone ‘zone root path’ - /export/home/zones/{zone1,zone2,zone3,…}
2. Share packages with the global zone
3. Manage distinct hostname and tables files
4. Cannot communicate with other non-global zones by default. Use standard tcpip
5. GLOBAL zone admin can delegate non-global zone administration
6. Requirements: hostname, zone rootpath, IP address,

### Zone Configuration ###

Commands:
zonename      Lists current zone name
zonecfg         Configure zones. Can run interactively, non-interactively, command-file modes
zlogin            To open the console fo zones
zoneadm       To administrate the zones

Steps for configuring non-global zone:

1.       mkdir /export/home/zones/testzone1 && chmod 700 /export/home/zones

2.       zonecfg –z testzone1

zonecfg:testzone1> create

zonecfg:testzone1> set zonepath=/export/home/sonez/testzone1

zonecfg:testzone1> add net

zonecfg:testzone1:net> set address=192.168.1.60

zonecfg:testzone1:net> set physical=e1000g0

zonecfg:testzone1:net> end

zonecfg:testzone1> info

zonecfg:testzone1> set autoboot=true    (OPTION)

zonecfg:testzone1> add attr                     (OPTION)

zonecfg:testzone1:attr> set name=comment

zonecfg:testzone1:attr> set type=string

zonecfg:testzone1:attr> set value=”TestZone1”

zonecfg:testzone1:attr> end

zonecfg:testzone1> verify

zonecfg:testzone1> commit

zonecfg:testzone1> exit

Other Commands:

1. To show details of a zone :
# zonecfg –x testzone1 info    

2. To install a zone :
# zoneadm –z testzone1 install

3. To view the state of the zones :  
# zoneadm list –iv

4. ReBoot the non-global zone :  
# zoneadm –x testzone1 boot|reboot

5. Login to console mode :
# zlogin –C testzone1

6. Login Interactively :                    
# zlogin –l username zonename

7. Login Non-Interactive :               
# zlogin options zonename

8. Safe mode Login : 
# zlogin –S zonename

NTP in Solaris

Configuration File :

/etc/inet/ntp.conf
server 192.168.2.1 version 3
server 192.168.2.2 version 3

Daemon :
/usr/lib/inet/xntpd - Normally called as xntpd

Commands :
1. To start ntp service :
# svcadm enable network/ntp

2. To stop ntp service :
# svcadm disable network/ntp

3. To synchronize date and time from another system :
# rdate server_name

NFS in Solaris

Configuration Files (along with a sampel content):

/etc/dfs/dfstab
       share -F nfs -o rw /data
       share -F nfs -o ro=-client1:.max.com /export/share/man

/etc/default/fs        -  Lists the default file system type for local file systems
/etc/dfs/fstypes      -  Lists the default file system types for remote file systems
/etc/default/nfs       -  Lists the lockd and nfsd configuration details

/etc/default/nfslogd - Lists the nfslogd configuration details
/etc/mnttab            -  Lists the file systems currently mounted
/etc/rmtab              - Lists the filesystems (shares) currently mounted by the clients

Daemons :

automountd - Used by Autofs
lockd          - Used for file locking purposes
mountd       - Handles mount requests from the clients
nfsd            - Main NFS server daemon which handled the client requets
nfslogd       - Handles operational logging

Commands:

1. To share all the filesystems as defined in /etc/dfs/dfstab file
# shareall

2. To view the currently shared filesystems :
# share

3. To start the NFS server services :
# svcadm enable network/nfs/server

4. To mount a share as read only in a nfs client :

# mount -F nfs -o ro server10:/oracle /data/oracle

5. To start auto fs :
# svcadm enable system/filesystem/autofs

6. To check if NFS server service is running on the server :
# svcs network/nfs/server

7. To check nfs services on a server from a client machine :
# rpcinfo -s nfsserver| egrep 'nfs|mountd'

8. To list the file systems shared by a server from a client machine :
# showmount -e servername
# dfshares servername

9. To list the shares currently mounted by the clients :
# dfmounts

System Dump (Crash) Management in Solaris

dumpadm

User and Group Administration in Solaris

Configuration Files (and their contents) :

/etc/passwd :
UserName:x:UID:GID:comment:home_directory:login_shell

/etc/shadow :
UserName:password:lastchg:min:max:warn:inactive:expire:

/etc/group :
GroupName:group-password:GID:Username-list

/etc/default/password :

MAXWEEKS=
MINWEEKS=
PASSLENGTH=6
#MINDIFF=3
#MINALPHA=2
#MINNONALPHA=1
#MINUPPER=0
#MINLOWER=0
#MAXREPEATS=0
#MINSPECIAL=0
#MINDIGIT=0
#WHITESPACE=YES

/etc/security/policy.conf :
#LOCK_AFTER_RETRIES=NO

System-Wide Initialization Files:
Korn Shell     : /etc/profile
Bourne Shell  : /etc/profile
Bash Shell      : /etc/profile
C Shell          : /etc/.login

User Initialization Files:
Korn Shell     : $HOME/.profile, $HOME/.kshrc
Bourne Shell  : $HOME/.profile
Bash Shell      : $HOME/.profile
C Shell           : $HOME/.cshrc, $HOME/.login

Skeleton(Template) files for User Intialization Files :
Korn Shell     : /etc/skel/local.profile
Bourne Shell  : /etc/skel/local.profile
Bash Shell      : /etc/skel/local.profile
C Shell           : /etc/skel/local.cshrc and /etc/skel/local.login


Commands :

1. To add a user : (user any of the below commands)
# useradd -u 102 -g dba -d /export/home/jack -m -s /bin/bash -c "Jack Smith" jack

# smuser add -- -n jack -u 102 -g dba -d /export/home/jack -s /bin/bash -c "Jack Smith" -x

2. To modify a user's shell:
# usermod -s /bin/ksh jack

3. To modify a user's login name:
# usermod -l jsmith jack
# smuser modify -- -n jack -N jsmith

4. To delete a user :
# userdel jsmith
# smuser delete -- -n jack

5. To delete a user along with his/her home directory:
# userdel -r jsmith

6. To create a group :
# groupadd -g 402 dba
# smgroup add -- -n dba -g 402  -m jack

7. To modify a group's property :
# groupmod -g 410 dba
# smgroup modify -- -n dba -g 410

8. To delete a group :
# groupdel dba
# smgroup delete -- -n dba

9. To list all the users :
# listusers

10. To list the currently logged in users :
# who

11. To list last login report :
# last

12. To list all the users logged in the local and remote hosts :
# rusers -l

13. To display user information :
# finger jack

14. To record failed logins :
# touch /var/adm/loginlog
# chown root.sys /var/adm/loginlog
# chmod 600 /var/adm/loginlog


15. To prohibit a user from using ftp.

Add him in /etc/ftpd/ftpusers file.

16. To enable password-less login from remote servers :
Add the hsotname and username in the below format to /etc/hosts.equiv or $HOME/.rhosts file

hostname
hostname username
+

17. To list the groups the current user belongs to :
# groups

18. To list the groups an user belongs to :
# groups jack

19. To list the uid, gid of the current user :
# id

20. To display the uid and Primary gid of a user :
# id jack

21. To display the uid and Primary as well as secondary gids of a user :
# id -a jack

Managing Services in Solaris

This post is mainly based on SMF facility in Solaris 10. But also contains few commands for older versions.

Points to remember about run levels / milestones :

Runlevels are used in Solaris 9 to describe the set of services. "who -r" tells you which level you're in.

Starting from Solaris version 10, runlevels are replaced by milestones.

Run Levels in Solaris 8/9 :
S : Single user state (useful for recovery)
0 : Access Sun Firmware ( ok> prompt)
1 : System administrator mode
2 : Multi-user w/o NFS
3 : Multi-user with NFS
4 : Unused
5 : Completely shutdown the host (like performing a power-off @ OBP) [ thanks to Marco
6 : Reboot but depend upon initdefault entry in /etc/inittab

Different milestones in Solaris 10 :
single-user           : Single User Mode
multi-user             : Multi-User with/o NFS
multi-user-server  : Multi-User with/o NFS
all                        :  Starts all the services
none                    :  Doe not start any services. Normally used for troubleshooting purposes.

Different states of services in SMF:
online                 : Service instance enabled and running.
offline                 : Service instance enabled, but not running due to some fault.
disabled             : Service instace is disabled and not running.
maintenance       : Service instance encountered an error, troubleshooting is required.
legacy_run         : Legacy service (controlled by /etc/rcx.net scripts).
                            SMF can only monitor this service, but  can't control it.
degraded           : Service instance enabled but running at limited capacity.
uninitialized        : This is the initial stat for all services before their configuration has been read.

Commands :

1. To list all the services and their status :
# svcs -a

2. To stop SSH service :
# svcadm disable -t network/ssh:default      <--- Solaris 10
# /etc/init.d/sshd stop                      <--- Solaris 9

3. To start SSH service :
# svcadm enable -t network/ssh:default       <--- Solaris 10

# /etc/init.d/sshd start                    <--- Solaris 9

4. To refresh SSH service :

# svcadm refresh -t network/ssh:default      <--- Solaris 10

# ps -ef | grep ssh
# kill -HUP pid                             <--- Solaris 9 

5. To restart SSH service :

# svcadm restart -t network/ssh:default     <--- Solaris 10

# /etc/init.d/sshd stop                  
# /etc/init.d/sshd start                    <--- Solaris 9 

6. To find out what went wrong or the reason behind a service shutdown :
# svcs -x

7. To find out the dependents of a failed service :
# svcs -x -v

8. To find out the status and PID of a service :
# svcs -p network/smtp:sendmail

9. To find out the dependent services :
# svcs -d milestone/multi-user:default

10. To show on what service, the current service depends on :
# svcs -D network/smtp:sendmail

11. To view the detailed status of a service :
# svcs -v network/smtp:sendmail

12. To view the details of a service :
# svcs -l network/smtp:sendmail

13. To list all the internet services :
# inetadm

Note:
/etc/inet/inetd.conf is not used in Solaris 10.

14. To enable a internet service :
# inetadm -e network/telnet

15. To disable a internet service :
# inetadm -d network/telnet

16. To show the details of telnet service :
# inetadm -l network/telnet

17. To modify a property of ftp service :
# inetadm -m network/ftp exec="/usr/sbin/in.ftpd -l"


18. To change the default milestone (run level) :
# svcadm milestone -d milestone/single-user:default
In solaris 9, you have to change it in /etc/inittab.

19. To go to a milestone (run level) :

# svcadm milestone milestone/single-user:default

In solaris 9, # init 1

20. To boot a machine in single user mode from OK prompt :
ok> boot -m milestone=single-user

21. To boot a machine in multi user mode from OK prompt :
ok> boot -m milestone=multi-user

22. To restore SMF repository :
# /lib/svc/bin/restore_repository

23. Daemon that controls SMF :
While booting the system, svc.startd gets started via /etc/inittab and it starts the services based on the milestone selected.

Managing HBA adapter in Sun Servers

How to view the HBA controllers ?

You can use any of the below commands

# /usr/sbin/lpfc/lputil
# vxdmpadm listctlr all
# cfgadm -al

How to reset a HBA ?

Method 1:
# /usr/sbin/hbanyware/hbacmd Reset 10:01:00:00:bc:c9:3b:ca

Method 2:
# /usr/sbin/lputil/lputil
LightPulse Common Utility for Solaris/SPARC. Version 2.0a5 (4/7/2005).
Copyright (c) 2005, Emulex Corporation

Emulex Fibre Channel Host Adapters Detected: 3
Host Adapter 0 (lpfc3) is an LP9802 (Ready Mode)
Host Adapter 1 (lpfc4) is an LP9802 (Ready Mode)
Host Adapter 2 (lpfc5) is an LP9802 (Ready Mode)

MAIN MENU

1. List Adapters
2. Adapter Information
3. Firmware Maintenance
4. Reset Adapter
5. Persistent Bindings

0. Exit

Enter choice => 4
0. lpfc3
1. lpfc4
2. lpfc5

Select an adapter => 0

MAIN MENU

1. List Adapters
2. Adapter Information
3. Firmware Maintenance
4. Reset Adapter
5. Persistent Bindings

0. Exit

Enter choice => 0

Once the adaptor is reset, you should see a message similar to the following in the system logfile:

lpfc: [ID 728700 kern.warning] WARNING: lpfc3:1303:LKe:Link Up Event x1 received Data: x1 x0 x8 x14

Emulex makes a killer HBA, and provides several awesome software utilities to manage host side SAN connectivity.


Some Commands :

1. To view ports :
# luxadm -e port
# cfgadm -o show_FCP_dev -al

2. To view detailed information of a LUN :
# luxadm diplay /dev/rdsk/c2t2d12s2

3. To scan for new luns in a HBA :
# luxadm -e forcelip /devices/pci@8,700000/SUNW,qlc@2/fp@0,0:devctl

4. To show all devices :
# luxadm probe

5. To display all the HBA:
# fcinfo hba-port

6. To display WWN for each HBA
# /usr/sbin/lpfc/lputil listhbas

7. To list info about HBA :
# prtpicl -v -c scsi-fcp
# prtpicl -v -c scsi-fcp | grep port-wwn
# prtpicl -v -c scsi-fcp | grep devfs-path

8.  To see if the Qlogic driver is loaded :
# modinfo | grep qlc

9. To see if QLogic driver is configured to load on boot :
# grep qlc /etc/system
forceload: drv/qlc

10. To see the number of HBA instances/devices :
# prtdiag -v | grep qlc

Device Management in Solaris

Associated Directories:

/dev - Contains logical device files
/devices - Contains physical device files

Commands :

1. To clean up the files for non-existent devices :
# devfsadm -C

2. To clean up the files for non-existent tape drive devices with detailed output :
# devfsadm -C -c tape -v

3. To scan for new devices :
# devfsadm

4. To scan for new disk drive :
# devfsadm -c disk

5. How to do a reconfigure reboot for connecting a new device :

Option 1:
# touch /reconfigure
# sync;sync;sync
# shutdown -y -i 0
# connect the new devce
# Boot the server

Option 2:
# shutdown -i -i 0
# Connect the new device
# "boot -r" from OK prompt

Option 3:
# reboot -- -r

System Information in Solaris

1. To view the timezone:

 # grep '^TZ' /etc/TIMEZONE

2. To change the timezone :

a. Check for the available timezones :
# cat /usr/share/lib/zoneinfo

b. Set the timezone by modifying the TZ= line in /etc/TIMEZONE file

c. Reboot the machine :
# shutdown -y -i 0

3. To display processor information :
# psrinfo -v

4. To enable a processor of id 0 :
# psradm -f 0

5. To enable it :
# psradm -n 0

6. To display RAM size :
# prtconf | grep Memory

7. To display processor bits :
# isainfo -bv

8. To display kernel bits :
# isainfo -kv

9. To determine the current boot device :

a. Find the boot path of the device
# prtconf -vp | grep bootpath
bootpath: '/pci@1f,700000/scsi@2/disk@0,0:a'

b. Find the device name using the boot path (replace 'disk' with 'sd')
# ls -l /dev/dsk | grep "/pci@1f,700000/scsi@2/sd@0,0:a"
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 43 Dec 13 2006 c1t1d0s0 -> ../../devices/pci@1f,700000/scsi@2/sd@0,0:a

10. To display the values of environment values :
# env

11. To find the architecture of the server
# arch -k

returns sun4u in Ultra 5 System and sun4m in SPARC system.

12. To display general system information :
# showrev -a

13. To display host id :
# hostid

14. To display the solaris release version details :
# cat /etc/release

15. To display system name and model :
# prtconf -b

16. To display system name, model, prom version :
# prtconf -vb

17. To dispaly the currently installed locales :
# localeadm -l

18. To determine if a locale is installed in the system :
# localeadm -q ja

19. To install a locale :
# localeadm -a ja -d /mnt/install/latest/Solaris/Product

20. To remove an installed locale :
# localeadm -r ja

Network Configuration in Solaris

Configuration Files :

File containing the domain name:
/etc/defaultdomain

File containing the IP address of default router:
/etc/defaultrouter

File containing the name resolution order:
/etc/nsswitch.conf

File containing the ip address on hme0 interface :
/etc/hostname.hme0

To set DNS server and search order :
/etc/resolv.conf

To set hostname :
/etc/nodename

File containing the IP Address to hostname mapping :
/etc/inet/hosts

File containing network services and their corresponding port numbers :
/etc/inet/services

File containing the subnet mask:
/etc/inet/netmask

Create the below file to prevent the startup of in.routed daemon :
/etc/notrouter

Internet Super Daemon Configuration File:
/etc/inet/inetd.conf

Commands :

1.. To show link status of a network adapter :
 
a. To show link status on ce1
# kstat ce:1 | grep link

        link_asmpause             0
        link_duplex                  2 
        link_pause                   0
        link_speed                  100
        link_T4                        0
        link_up                        1

where link_duplex = 0 means link down
                                1 means half duplex
                                2 means full duplex

where link_speed=0 means link down
                             10 means 10MBPS
                             100 means 100MBPS
                             1000 means 1GBPS

For ce and bge interface, you should use kstat command to return NIC settings.
All other interfaces should use ndd  to determine NIC settings.

b. To how link status of hme0

# ndd -set /dev/hme instance 0
# ndd -get /dev/hme link_mode
# ndd -get /dev/hme link_speed

2. To set duplex and link speed of a network interface :

a. To set 100 full dupled on hme1 interface

# ndd -set /dev/hme instance 1
# ndd -set /dev/hme adv_100hdx_cap 0
# ndd -set /dev/hme adv_100fdx_cap 1
# ndd -set /dev/hme adv_autoneg_cap 0
# ndd -set /dev/hme link_speed 100

Then add the below lines to /etc/system

 set hme:hme_adv_autoneg_cap=0
 set hme:hme_adv_100hdx_cap=0
 set hme:hme_adv_100fdx_cap=1
 set hme:hme_link_speed=100

For ce interface,
Use the below command to set the current values and add these to a startup script.

DONT ADD THIS TO /etc/system as it would not work. !!!!

ndd -set /dev/ce instance 0
ndd -set /dev/ce adv_1000fdx_cap 0
ndd -set /dev/ce adv_1000hdx_cap 0
ndd -set /dev/ce adv_100fdx_cap 1
ndd -set /dev/ce adv_100hdx_cap 0
ndd -set /dev/ce adv_10fdx_cap 0
ndd -set /dev/ce adv_10hdx_cap 0
ndd -set /dev/ce adv_autoneg_cap 0

3. To set default router :

# route add default 192.168.1.1
Also add this into /etc/detaultrouter to make this permanent.

4. To remove the current default route :

# route delete default 192.168.1.1
Also remove it from /etc/defaultrouter to make this change permanent.

5.How to change the hostname?

a. Change the hostname in the file /etc/nodename to make this change permanent.
b. Use uname command to change the current value
# uname -S newname
c. Change the name in /etc/hosts
d. Chagne the name in DNS records
e. Change the hostname in /etc/hostname.networkinterface
f. Change the name in the files /etc/net/ticlts/hosts, /etc/net/ticots/hosts, /etc/net/ticotsord/hosts if applicable.
g. Change the name in /etc/inet/ipnodes (For solaris 10 only).
h. Please reboot the system to avoid any issues.

6. To disable a network interface :
# ifconfig hme1 unplumb

7. To enable it :
# ifconfig hme1 plumb

8. To down id :
# ifconfig hme1 down

9. To display network interface table :
# ifconfig -a
# netstat -i
# netstat -in

10. To set IP address on qfe0 network interface :
# ifconfig qfe0 191.133.23.10 netmask 255.255.255.0 up

Also set the ip label in /etc/hostname.qfe0, add hostname, IP mapping in /etc/hosts and add the netmasks into /etc/netmasks

11. To set IP alias on qfe0 :
ifconfig qfe0:1 191.133.23.10 netmask 255.255.255.0 up

Also set the ip label in /etc/hostname.qfe0:1, add hostname, IP mapping in /etc/hosts and add the netmasks into /etc/netmasks

12. To add static route to a network :

# route add -net 140.110.43.0 140.110.3.1

Also add this command to a startup script (normally located under /etc/rc2.d).

Patch Management in Solaris

Associated Directory :
/var/sadm/patch            Contains the list of applied patches

Commands :

1. To install a patch :
# patchadd 123456-78   

2. To find out if a patch has been already installed :
# showrev –p | grep 123456-78

3. To uninstall a patch :
# patchrm 123456-78

4. To display all patches applied to the system :
# patchadd –p

5. Installs the recommended patch cluster :
# install_cluster –q –nosave

Software (Package) Management in Solaris

Files involved:
/var/sadm/install/contents    - Contains the list of installed packages

Commands:

1. To install all packages available in the cdrom :
# pkgadd –d /cdrom/cdrom       

2. To install a specific package from the /mnt directory :
# pkgadd –d /mnt SUNWaudio   

3. To copy a package from the /mnt directory to spool :
# pkgadd –d /mnt –s SUNWaudio   

4. To list the contents of spool directory :
# pkginfo –d spooldir       

5. To find out the package “abc” in the installed package list :
# pkginfo | grep abc       

6. To list detailed info on an installed package :
# pkginfo –l SUNWcar       

7. To check the consistency of a package :
# pkgchk –v SUNWaudio       

8.To find out which package a file belongs to :
# pkgchk -l -p /usr/bin/ls       

9. To uninstall a package :
# pkgrm SUNWaudio       

10.Removes a package from a spool directory :
# pkgrm –s spooldir SUNWcar

Open Boot PROM Commands in Sun Servers

1. To display all the current device aliases :
ok> devalias

2. To define an alias ofr a device path :
ok> devalias alias device-path

3. To delete an alias from NVRAMRC :
ok> nvunalias alias           

4. To list the available disks :
ok> show-disks

5. To boot from default boot device :
ok> boot       

6. To boot from cdrom :
ok> boot cdrom   

7. To boot from the alia "disk" :
ok> boot disk           

8. To boot from network :
ok> boot net       

9. To start jumpstart boot :
ok> boot net – install

10. To do an interactive boot from the default boot device :
ok> boot –a   

11. To do a reconfigure boot from the default boot device :
ok> boot –r       

12. To boot from 32bit kernel :
ok> boot kernel/unix   

13. To boot from 64bit kernerl :
ok> boot kernel/sparcv9/unix   

14. To do a verbose boot :
ok> boot –v    

15. To boot in single user mode :
ok> boot –s   

15. To diplay OBP verion :
ok> .version       

16. To display ethernet address :
ok> .enet-addr       

17. To diplay poweron banner :
ok> banner               

18. To display processor and bus speeds :
ok> .speed               

19. To display major/minor CPU firmware version :
ok> firmware-version           

20. To call OS to write information to harddisk :
ok> sync               

Normally we do it thrice. ie., sync;sync;sync

21. To reset entire system :
ok> reset       

22. To reset entire system :       
ok> reset-all       

23. To reset all PROM setting to factory default :
ok> set-defaults           

24. To set PROM password :
ok> setenv security –password password

25. To set autoboot :
ok> setenv auto-boot? true       

26. To display the current boot-device :
ok> printenv boot-device       

27. To identify devices attached to a SCSI bus :
ok> probe-scsi           

28. To identify devices attached to all SCSI buses :
ok> probe-scsi-all           

29. To test the primary network adapter :
ok> test net               

30. To test the primary scsi adapter :
ok> test scsi               

31. To test all devices available with self test capability :
ok> test-all               

Encapsulation and Rootability

Encapsulation :

Solaris :

Encapsulation is the process of converting partitions into volumes to bring those partitions under VxVM control. Only sliced layout is allowed on encapsulated disk. Boot disk can not be in cds layout.
You can not use stripe, Raid-5, concat-mirror or strip-mirror layouts for root disks. Also do not use DRL on system volumes except in opt and var.

You should use the menu based tool vxdiskadm tool to "Encapsulate one or more disks".

Partition table of an encapsulated disk :
Part      Tag    Flag     Cylinders         Size            Blocks
  0       root    wm       0 -  2060       10.00GB    (2061/0/0)   20972736
  1       swap    wu    2063 -  5358       15.99GB    (3296/0/0)   33540096
  2     backup    wm       0 - 14086       68.35GB    (14087/0/0) 143349312
  3        usr    wm    5359 -  8450       15.00GB    (3092/0/0)   31464192
  4 unassigned    wm    8451 - 10511       10.00GB    (2061/0/0)   20972736
  5          -    wu       0 - 14086       68.35GB    (14087/0/0) 143349312
  6        var    wm   12161 - 14086        9.35GB    (1926/0/0)   19598976
  7          -    wu    2061 -  2062        9.94MB    (2/0/0)         20352

Mappping of Volumes and slices in an encapsulated disk :

root slice -> rootvol
usr slice ->  usr
var slice -> var
swap slice -> swapvol


HP-UX :

Conversion is the process of enabling LVM PVs to be used by VxVM.
You can convert unused physical volumes and PVs in the Volume groups.

Following are limitations of LVM conversion :
a. A VG containing /, /usr, dump or primary swap volumes
b. A VG with insufficient space for metadata
c. Disk usedused by Service Guard cluster
d. Disk containing bad blocks

To convert unused PVs :

1. Check for any LVs in the PV. There should not be any data on the PV
# pvdisplay /dev/dsk/c1t0d0

2. Remove the LVM disk information.
# pvremove /dev/dsk/c1t0d0

3. Put the disk into VxVM control
# vxdisksetup c1t0d0

To convert volume Groups :
1. You can use vxvmconvert utility.

Volume requirements :
1. All volumes on the root disk must be in the disk group that you  choose to be the bootdg disk group.
2. The names of the volumes with entries in the LIF LABEL record must be standvol, rootvol, wapvol and dumpvol. The names of the volumes for other file systems on the rootdg are  generated by appending vol to the name of their mount point under /.
3. Any volume with an entry in the LIF LABEL record must be contiguou. It can have only one subdisk and it cannot span multiple disks.
4. The rootvol and swapvol must have the special  volume usage types root and swap respectively.
5. Disk layout should be hpdisk and you should not use DRL on the rootdg volumes


Rootability :
It is the proces of putting the root file system, swap and other file systems (/usr,..) on the boot disk under VxVM control.

Limitations of VxVM Boot disk :
1. You have to perform additional steps during OS upgrades on Solaris machines.
2. You should not grow or change the layout of boot disk volumes as the volumes are mapped to the underlying partition (slice).

Solaris :
Include rotdisk and rootmirror in the bootlist using eeprom.

HP-UX :
Set primary or alternative boot path from the boot menu or from the command line.
Main Menu -> co pa alt path
setboot - p primary_path -a alternative_path


Creation of Alternate Boot Disk:

Solaris:
1. Mirror root volume only
# vxrootmir alternate_disk

2. Mirror other volumes
# vxmirror -g rootdg boot_dik alternate_disk

3. Setup boot information
# vxbootsetup

HP-UX :
1. Mirror the root volume :
# vxrootmir -v -b alternate_disk

2. To mirror individual volumes manually :
# vxdisksetup -iB c0t1d0 format=hpdisk
# vxdg -g rootdg adddisk rootdisk02=c0t1d0
# vxassist -g bootdg mirror standvol dm:rootdisk02

3. Create the boot information on the alternative disk
# vxvmboot -v /dev/rdsk/c0t1d0


To boot from alternative disk in Solaris :

1. Set the eeprom variable use-nvramrc?
ok> setenv use-nvramrc? true
ok> reset

2.  Check for available boot disk aliases
ok> devalias
rootdisk
rootmirror

3. Boot from the alternate boot dik
ok> boot rootmirror

To boot from alternative disk in HP-UX :

1. Interrupt the boot process by pressing any key within 10 seconds of seeing the first message in the console.

2. In the main menu, check forthe alternate boot path
co alt path

3. If the alternate path is found, you can boot from it.
bo alt

Hot Relocation - VxVM

Points to Remember:




Commands:
1. To set datadg01 disk as spare disk in datadg :
 # vxedit -g datadg set spare=on datadg01

2. To unset datadg01 disk as spare disk in datadg :
# vxedit -g datadg set spare=off datadg01

3. To exclude datadg01 disk for hot relocation :
# vxdit -g datadg set nohotuse=on datadg01

4. To include datadg01 disk for hot relocation :
# vxdit -g datadg set nohotuse=off datadg01

5. To force hot relocation to use only pare disks :

Add the below line into /etc/default/vxassist

spare=only

File System Administration - VxVM - VxFS

This post is common to Solaris, HP-UX, Linux and AIX Operating Systems.

How to create the VxFS Filesystem ?

On Solaris :

To create and mount a VxFS filesystem :
# mkfs -F vxfs /dev/vx/rdsk/datadg/datavol
# mkdir /data
# mount -F vxfs /dev/vx/dsk/datadg/datavol /data

To create and mount a UFS filesystem :
# newfs /dev/vx/rdsk/datadg/datavol
# mkdir /data
# mount /dev/vx/dsk/datadg/datavol /data

On Linux :
To create and mount a VxFS filesystem :
# mkfs -t vxfs /dev/vx/rdsk/datadg/datavol
# mkdir /data
# mount -t vxfs /dev/vx/dsk/datadg/datavol /data

On HP-UX :
To create and mount a VxFS filesystem :
# mkfs -F vxfs /dev/vx/rdsk/datadg/datavol
# mkdir /data
# mount -F vxfs /dev/vx/dsk/datadg/datavol /data

To create and mount a HFS filesystem :
# newfs -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/datadg/datavol
# mkdir /data
# mount -F hfs /dev/vx/dsk/datadg/datavol /data

On AIX :
To create and mount a VxFS filesystem :
# mkfs -V vxfs /dev/vx/rdsk/datadg/datavol
# mkdir /data
# mount -V vxfs /dev/vx/dsk/datadg/datavol /data

To create and mount a VxFS filesystem using crfs :
# crfs -v vxfs -d /dev/vx/rdsk/datadg/datavol -m /data -A yes
# mount /data

To create and mount a jfs2 filesystem using crfs :
# crfs -v jfs2 -d /dev/vx/rdsk/datadg/datavol -m /data -A yes
# mount /data

Note:
You have to add the filsystem details to the OS Filesystem table (/etc/fstab or /etc/vfstab) in solaris, HP and Linux. If you use crfs, filesystem table will be updated automatically in AIX.

Additional Commands :

1. To create a VxFS filesystem in solaris with nolargefiles and block size of 2048 :
# mkfs -F vxfs -o nolargefiles -o bize=2048 /dev/vx/rdsk/datadg/datavol

Note: By default, largefiles flag i enabled and the default block size is 1024.

2. To create a VxFS filesystem of version 4 in solaris :
# mkfs -F vxfs -o version=4 /dev/vx/rdsk/datadg/datavol

Note:  Default VxFS filesystem version is 6 in VxFS 4.1

3. To upgrade the file system layout version :
# vxupgrade -n 5 /data

Note: You must upgrade in stages only. ie., from version 4 to 5, and then version 5 to 6.

4. To display the current file system layout version :
# vxupgrade /data

5. To monitor directory fragramentation on a file system :
# fsadm -D /data


6. To monitor extent fragramentation on a file system :
# fsadm -E /data

7.  To do directory fragramentation on a file system :
# fsadm -d -D /data

8.  To do extent fragramentation on a file system :
# fsadm -e -E -s /data

9. To check full file system consistency using intent log :
# fsck -F vxfs -o full /dev/vx/rdsk/datadg/datavol


10. To check file system consistency with out using intent log :
# fsck -F vxfs -o nolog /dev/vx/rdsk/datadg/datavol

11. To check two file systems in parallel :
# fsck -F vxfs -o p /dev/vx/rdsk/datadg/datavol /dev/vx/rdsk/datadg/dbvol

12. To display intent log information of a file system :
# fsadm -L /data

13. To change the log size :
# fsadm -F vxfs -o logsize=256m /data

Note:
a. Default intent log size depends on the file system size.
b. Minimum log size is 256 KB and maximum size is 256 MM.

14. To enable FCL (File Change Log) on a file system :
# fcladm on /data


15. To disable FCL on a file system :
# fcladm off /data

16. To remove FCL from a file system  (You must switch off FCL before removing it):
# fcladm rm /data

17. To display the current FCL state of a file system :
# fcladm state /data